Physics & Science

Calculations grounded in physics, chemistry, biology, and the wider natural sciences

If a Global Flood Diluted the Ocean, Why Is It Still Salty? Three Models, and a Verdict for the Fish
Physics & Science

If a Global Flood Diluted the Ocean, Why Is It Still Salty? Three Models, and a Verdict for the Fish

If the whole world flooded with fresh water, why would the ocean still end up salty? We run three models side by side — a fixed-geography dilute-then-recover model, a Pangaea / catastrophic-tectonics back-calculation, and a third that asks whether the flood water itself was fresh or salty to begin with. None of the nine resulting scenarios leaves a salinity band where freshwater and saltwater fish could both survive.

#Noah's Ark#salinity#ocean#osmotic pressure#scripture#distillation
If the Spanish Armada Had Dropped a Plastic Bottle, Would It Be Gone by Now?
Physics & Science

If the Spanish Armada Had Dropped a Plastic Bottle, Would It Be Gone by Now?

A PET bottle tossed into the English Channel during the Spanish Armada (1588) would still be intact today — with 12 years left on the clock. PET takes roughly 450 years to degrade in marine conditions, and that timeline gets much worse in a landfill. We calculate polymer breakdown timelines, the cube-law fragmentation math that turns one bottle into 18 trillion particles, and why NOAA still can't give you a definitive answer.

#plastic#decomposition#microplastics#environment#PET#polymer